Essay on Career Advancement of Women in the Hospitality Industry Essay Example

Essay on Career Advancement of Women in the Hospitality Industry Essay Introduction Men have always been the financial providers while women have been home keepers and care-givers. Changes have taken place due to globalization and more women are entering the work field. Nevertheless, it is seen that women have always faced gender discrimination in any career that they have tried to pursue. Be it as a teacher or a nurse, as corporate managers or scientists, or the hospitality sector, the reasons remain the same for all women. Women definitely have a dual role to play (taking care of the family and the work place) and to avoid the role conflict and reduce the anxiety and stress, women prefer business or flexible schedules and refrain from accepting higher responsibilities at work. The hospitality sector is particularly demanding because of irregular hours of work. The Equal Opportunities Commission warns that gender equality is still generations away and may take 20 to 25 years to close the gap (Adfero, 2007). Rationale for research The hospitality sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in the UK. Studies assess under-representation of women managers and gender discrimination issues at workplace. A survey on the UK hospitality industry saw a total of 2,042 respondents out of which 570 were women (FHRAI, 2002). The survey revealed that more women were working in part-time positions than men were. While the catering and hotel industry in the UK are focusing on attracting women in the industry, and while the catering industry makes up for 68% women, women are found in the back of the house management – administration and housekeeping. Some associate this with lack of education while others We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Career Advancement of Women in the Hospitality Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Career Advancement of Women in the Hospitality Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Career Advancement of Women in the Hospitality Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer link it to the gender issue or even lack of interest by the women themselves. Women are seldom found in managerial positions and based on this the research question would be: What are the factors affecting women’s career advancement in the hospitality industry? Worldwide tourism is an important sector for women who make up to 46% of the tourism labor force (Vargas Aguilar, 2002). There is a significant vertical and horizontal gender segregation of the labor market. Women all over the world have always faced discrimination in terms of management positions and levels of pay. Cobb Dunlop (1999) agree that the gender gap still exists in the arte of promotions and the women are at a disadvantage (cited by Zhong, 2006). While the scene is gradually changing, the pace of change is ‘painfully slow’ (BBC, 2007) as Zhong (2006) also observes that women represented 20% to 40% of management positions in about 60 countries (ILO) but they continue to be underrepresented in management positions compared to their overall employment. Burke and Vinnicombe (2006) contend that aging workforce and fewer new entrants has resulted in shortage of qualified leaders, forcing organizations to utilize and develop talents all of its employees. Under the circumstances they cannot afford to artificially limit the career possibilities of women. This itself implies that women are capable but are being denied the opportunities. There are three types of transitions impacting working women at their work places – career-focused transitions, life-cycle induced transitions and workplace or market-induced transitions (Womenomics, 2006). Women change jobs twice as often as men, which is a reason for concern and warrant research. They even switch jobs between sectors and prefer a job where they can make a difference. They prefer jobs which offer facility for skill development to increase their employability. Studies suggest that when women do get access to functional roles in their current employment, they either stall in their career advancement or move to other employers. A survey conducted by The Caterer revealed that women are not entering the managerial posts but are opting for traditionally female roles (FHRAI, 2002). The Restaurant Association claims that they do not employ based on gender but on merit and they feel there is significant advancement for women to rise up the ladder in managerial positions. The issue of diversity can lend sustainability and the organizations have to go beyond discrimination. Organizations benefit in different ways like culture, change and learning based engagement with managing inequality and difference as there is enough evidence to prove that organizational culture is a major impediment to women’s progress into senior management (Mann, 1995). Ninety percent of the people employed as chambermaids, flight attendants, sales personnel and cleaners are women (Vargas Aguilar, 2002). The abundance of full-time, part-time, seasonal, temporary and casual work available in the tourism sector is a key attraction by women, and is preferred mostly by mothers of young children carers, semiretired women and students (LDA, 2003). They preferred the workplace flexibility and the positive impact it has on family life. Women tend to value the joy, contentment and happiness derived from being with the family, which gives them sense of fulfillment and positively affects their professional lives as well. Fulfillment relates to learning and growing which provides sense of confidence. The fact that women prefer part-time work is corroborated by the statistics of the first three months of 2002 which shows that men in full time employment were double the number of women, while women as part-time workers were four times that of men engaged in part-time employment (Grundy Jamieson, 2002). Zong however finds that women lack the education, skills and work experience necessary to be an executive or a manager. Management diversity is defined as the proportion of women among the highestranking CEOs in firms and on boards of directors (Smith, Smith Verner, 2006). Female managers are supposed to be best qualified in terms of education for top management posts and to be on the board of directors. Women have a better understanding of certain segments and this could lend creativity and innovation to the work place. Women on board of directors have positive impact on firm performance. There are other suggestions that women differ from men in their aspirations and expectations in career; they also differ in the definition of success. Women have also been blamed for being emotional as there are differences in the expectations and acceptance of emotional expression (Zhong, 2007). Some researchers observe that women change their life choices after reaching middle management level (Cornelius Skinner, 2006). These observations basically stem from men and employers as a means to discourage women from aspiring for the senior level management positions. The typical ‘gender pyramid’ is prevalent – lower levels and occupations with few career development opportunities available to women (Vargas Aguilar, 2002) while a report in HRMID (2006) confirms that women are victims of discrimination is evident from the fact women have filed high profile suits successfully against their employer for discrimination based on their gender. Women definitely have a dual role to play but this can be overcome by creating more quality part-time roles to increase the number of women in senior roles. This is essential in view of the fact that businesses are disadvantaged by not selecting the best executives from the largest talent pool, reports Treanor (2007) of The Guardian. Companies continue to spend heavy amounts in repeated recruitments and training and they could save on this through reduced attrition. Feyerherm and Vick (2006) suggest that re-examining the corporate culture could enhance values like openness, mutual respect and continuous learning. The culture change should also include work-life effectiveness programs or flexible work options work (Womenomics, 2006). A study by Cornell University revealed that stock of companies that went public with more women in top management teams performed better in both short and long run than those with no or few women at the helm of affairs (Corporate Board, 1999). The survey further revealed that having more women on top executive teams had positive and significant effect on both stock-price growth and earnings-per-share growth. Research also suggests that London relies a great deal on migrant labor and more so in the hospitality sector where the women experience downward social mobility (Evans et al., 2005). Women have been found to be better employees because they make a better team or more suited to ‘people-oriented work’ but the women find that ‘tourism does not offer a livable wage’ in London (LDA, 2003). It may be ‘good for a second income’ and hence more women are found in the sector than men as Evans et al., also confirm that the lowest rates of pay were found in the London’s catering industry. Sexual harassment, including unwanted attention or intimidation of a sexual character is widespread in the hotel, tourism and the catering industry. A study of 502 working women in Luxemburg aged between 16 and 50 years in the hospitality industry were reported to be the sector most affected (Hoel Einarsen, 2003). In the UK bullying and harassment were reported by 24.2% of the respondents. Waiters were most prone to sexual harassment and the most common acts of harassment were obscene language and jokes, and sexually suggestive comments. Mainly women in junior positions experience sexual harassment which demonstrates that it ahs to do with both gender and power issues. With low levels of education, they are less confident than other employees when dealing with difficult people in positions of power. Apart from this, irregular working hours, night shifts, dress code and a suggestive physical environment also make them prone to sexual harassment. Being exposed to unwanted sexually related attention is considered to be part of the job (Hoel Einarsen, 2003). A study of British Hotel employees concluded that the hotel is not a rational environment where there is agreement over social norms or acceptable behavior between customers and staff. Review of the literature suggests that there could be several factors affecting the career advancement of women in the hospitality industry. These include differences in traits, for example, being emotional, gender bias, woman’s home-making responsibility, sexual harassment, lack of educational opportunities, lack of skills, availability of parttime work, availability of diverse career opportunities. Based on these, the research would be conducted. The purpose of the research is to determine the factors that affect the career advancement of women in the hospitality sector. As such the research will be based on two types of data. In quantitative analysis data is collected through mail questionnaires, interviews and published statistics (Gable, 1994). Self-completion questionnaires would help to determine the individual’s view of the career. This method of data collection allows the ability for unambiguous quantitative data to be collected (Redmond Griffith, 2003). The format will be kept relatively simple and straightforward as there is little control over the respondents’ interpretation of questions. Online surveys will be conducted as internet has become a very popular means of gathering data. It permits quicker answers because respondents can fill and send the questionnaire easily. The response rate is quite high. It also allows an easy territorial and geographical coverage. Random sampling technique would be applied here once the databases of employees at different travel agencies and hotels have been collected. About 200 emails would be sent out as it is expected that 25% may not respond or there may be delayed response. Quantitative data would further be collected through focus group interviews. Focus-groups are effective in providing information on why people think the way they do. This has certain advantages even over the personal interviews as participants tend to be more comfortable and natural. Besides, they influence and are influenced by others just as they are in real life (Redmond Griffith, 2003). Focus groups are open yet guided and hence it would help to collect data on how women feel and think of their careers and the workplace. Four different focus group interviews would be conducted at four different hotels using the cluster sampling technique and this would be at the respective hotel premises. Difficulties may arise in scheduling the focus-groups interviews but these would be overcome by contacting the front office manager or some other senior woman in the respective hotel. Collection of database for emails may also be a problem which would be obtained through the labour office. The ethical norms would be adhered to through out the research process. Word count: 358 words Total word count: 2006

career development portfolio Essays

career development portfolio Essays career development portfolio Essay career development portfolio Essay Supply Chain Management (SG2038) Case study on DLH as a third-party logistics player Abstract This study or essay attempt to examine the role DHL plays as a third party logistics player and the advantages of the business role of DHL in todays supply chain management. Based on the rapid growth of other logistics companies, it will also analyse the challenges DHL is facing and also the challenges the company could face in future in relation to supply chain management. Furthermore, recommendations will be given that could maintain and promote the success of DHLs role in the third party logistics business. Introduction Company background DHL is a logistics service based industry founded in 1969 in San Francisco by three young shipping executives Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom and Robert Lynn. Since then, it continued to grow rapidly until today where it stands to be the market leader of the international express and logistics industry. In 1969, it took its primary step in planning for its future through personal shipping of documents by airplane from port to port so they can be, examined and see to, before the ships arrive. As the year goes by DHL network expanded largely, reaching out to every of its customers around the globe. Their market share increased and became more intricate therefore in order to meet the changing needs of its customers both globally and local level, it adapted to the new market changes. DHL international network now links more than 220 countries and territories in the world. It offers incomparable skill in express, overland transport, contract logistics solutions, air and ocean freight and international mail services. Behind its success are its employees whose main focuses is on customers needs and provision of individual modified solutions since its success has always been around delivering service of extreme excellence to its ustomers ( DHL 2013). Role of DHL as a third-party logistics (3PL) player As a third-party logistics player, DHL plays a significant role in providing services to its clients of outsourced logistics services for all or part of their function of supply chain management. DHL normally focus on integrated operations which can be customized to the needs of customers based on the condition of the market demand and delivery service supplies for their materials and products (Razzaque and Sheng, 2006). The role of DHL thus is to maintain balance in its customers supply chain anagement by rendering services such as; DHL freight transport: this is one of DHLs most common services it involves the movement of goods from one location to the other. This may be from a particular retail store to another or perhaps from a coastal port to a warehouse. They help their customers to constantly improve on their means of transportation by getting products to the market more efficiently and faster therefore making them gain competitive advantage (Bardi and Tracey, 2006). Warehousing and distribution: As a third-party logistics, DHL offer some form of warehousing and distribution. In this sense, the clients business hires the company to store their goods in an organized facility and later distribute the goods to different locations (Ahmed and Raflq, 2003), DHL fulfilment: this can be described as a version of warehousing where they store goods in a warehouse, and then different collections of the goods are assembled in other containers or box. DHL maintains employees, pickers and packers who are able to carry out orders with speed and high level of accuracy (Stefansson, 2006). Supply chain solution: DHL render a special service in helping their clients improve their operational performance and rofitability by making use of current lean and green supply chain management techniques (Lieb, 2005). Advantages of DHLs business role in supply chain management DHLs business role in supply chain management enables business to stay ahead of their rivals with greater flexibility, lower cost structure and strong customer satisfaction. Here are some of the advantages of DHLs business role in supply chain management; Better focus on core activities DHLs business role in supply chain management allows business or clients to focus on their activities that are of great importance to the company. In a period of rapid growth, operations in a company will expand and when this happens, it may consume both human and financial resources at the expense of the main activities that made the company successful but, when these additional operations are outsourced, the company focuses on the core activities (Nwokah, 2009). Reduced cost on operations and recruitment The role of DHL in supply chain management evades the needs for companies to hire workers in-house so that operational and recruitment cost are minimized to a great extent (Hertz and Monica, 2003). Risk management In any business or investment, there are, certain level of risk involve. DHL 3pl business in supply chain management is to assume and manage these risks and they can also decide a better way of avoiding these risks since it is one of their area of expertise (Kim, 2003). Increase efficiency In the supply chain, most business that does everything by themselves, often have higher research and development, marketing and distribution expenses and these expenses are passed on to customers. However, with the cost structure and economic of scale of a third party logistics like DHL, can give an important competitive dvantage to your firm (Langley and Capgemmini, 2012). Innovation This is one of the greatest advantages of DHLs business role in supply chain management in the sense that it applies its expertise in various ways that will improve, business operations by, introducing innovative business ideas and technology (Rahman, 2011). Challenges faced by DHL from the perspective of supply chain Third-party logistics like DHL experience constant challenge due to pressure from customers and new innovative ideas in supply chain. However, these challenges, brings about changes in their operations. Inventory policy changes: the consistent changes in the organizations inventory process has become a big challenge to the logistics outsourcing companies including DHL. In this way, the supply chain concepts such as just-in-time and Just-in-sequence approaches have put a challenging demand in the service of DHL Express. Hence, contemporary organizations, does not work in isolation due to interdependent on each other. DHL however is currently strategizing towards changing their original methods on service delivery to ensure efficiency as well as customer satisfaction (Gibson etal, 2006). Competitors: the entrant of various companies into logistics outsourcing industry has become a great challenge to DHLs services. Logistics report in I-JK 2009 revealed that smaller companies are using channel freight-forwarders which are positioned to enhance service delivery to the customers (Wright, Pickton, and Calliw, 2002). This association has made DHL to lose some of its customers, since the rivals, provides the same services. Also other big competitors like UPS and FEDEX are buying smaller logistics firm to expand their business and this situation may cost DHL its foremost position in the world Express Service. Transportation cost: increase in the cost of transportation (increase in the price of fuel, gas and diesel) creates a big challenge to third-party logistics providers like DHL. For instance, when there is an increase or scarcity in petroleum products, there will be a delay in delivering goods to their supposed destination. As a result of this delay, there will be a loss to the involved organization (Virum, 2003). Globalization: the new trend in globalization, have brought about a change in the concept of third-party logistics business. Users or customers of third party logistics re now demanding more from their service providers as a result of new innovative ideas in supply chain thereby, pushing third-party logistics like DHL to take a new turn (Langley, Newton and Tyndall, 1999). Recommendation For DHL to maintain its successful role as a third-party logistics player in various business industries, it needs to improve in its Just-in-time and Just-in sequence inventory strategy and acquire more channel fright-forwarders that will enhance quick delivery of goods in other to meet and satisfy the pressing needs of its customers and when this is done, they will be able to regain their lost customers hereby allowing them to compete and retain its place in the logistics business. However, to reduce the delay in the delivering of goods due to scarcity and increase in the price of petroleum products, DHL should have a store or a bank where petroleum products can be stored in case of such occurrence to facilitate the delivery of goods and avoiding loss in the side of customers. As the world continues to develop into a more globalized economy and organizations are coming up with new ideas and becoming more demanding, DHL should also create new innovative ideas o match with the present trend in the globalized economy. Conclusion As third-party logistics companies to grow, the role of DHL in the third-party logistics business will in no doubt continue to change and as the economy continues to move into a more globalized world, the challenges of DHL will increase thereby making its services stronger and giving them more competitive advantage in the long run of logistics business and supply chain management. Referencing Ahmed, P. and Rafiq, M. (2003) Internal market issues and challenges. European Journal of Marketing, 37 (9) pp. 1177-1186. Bard, E. nd Tracey, M. (2006) Transportation outsourcing: a survey of US practices. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 21 (3) pp. 15-21. DHL official website (2013) Available at: dhl. com/en. html, (Accessed Nov. 18, 2013). Hertz, S. and Monica, A. (2003) Strategic development of third party logistics providers. Industrial Marketing Management, 32 (2) pp. 139-149. Kim, J. (2006) Logistics in Korea: current state and future direc tions. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 26 (10) pp. 6-21. Lieb, R. C. (2005) The 3PL ndustry : where its been, where its going. Supply chain management review, 9 (6) pp. 20-27. Langley, J. , Newton, B. and Tyndall, G. (1999) Has the future of third-party logistics, Supply Chain Management Review, 56 (5) pp. 85-94. Langley, J. and Capgemmini (2012) 2012 16th Annual Third-Party Logistics Study. Nwokah, N. (2009) Customer-focus, competitor-focus and marketing performance. Measuring Business Excellence, 13 (3) pp. 20-28. Rahman, S. (201 1), An exploratory study of outsourcing 3PL services: an Australian perspective, An International Journal, 18 (3) pp. 342 358. Razzaque, M. and Sheng, C. 006) Outsourcing of logistics function: a literature survey. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 28 (2), pp. 89-107. Stefansson, G. (2006) Collaborative logistics management and the role of third-party service providers, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 36 (19) pp. 76-92. Virum, H. (2003) Third party logistics development in Europe, Logistics and transportat ion review, 29 (4). Wright, S. , Pickton, D. and Calliw,J. (2002) Competitive intelligence in UK firms; a Typology. Marketing intelligence Planning, 20 (6) pp. 349-360.

Nursing Theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Nursing Theory - Article Example There are various classifications of nursing theories which include meta theory, grand, middle range and practice theories. These theories are descriptive, explanatory, predictive or prescriptive. Metatheory brings about the identification of specific phenomena through abstract concepts. Grand theory gives provision of a theoretical construction under which the main concepts and principles of the discipline can be recognized. Middle range theory is more precise. It examines a particular situation with a limited variable numbers (George, 2010). Nursing theories are useful in assessing patients’ conditions, identifying the patients’ needs, demonstrating an effective communication and interaction with the patient. The nursing practice theory provides the basis for nursing practice. Practice theory explores a particular situation in nursing and identifies clear goals and details of ways of achieving the goals (Masters, 2012). In this essay, focus is intently on the nursing caring theory which is fundamental and fits my nursing practice. The caring theory basically comprises of two vital constructive backgrounds of emotional response, and mutual and mutual interdependence. In this case, the ethics of care leads to the rejection of reasoning and judgements that are dispassionate and partial, that are dominant with the paradigms and models of bioethics (Parker, 2005). To be precise and more specific, we are going to select the Swanson Caring Theory. This is a middle-range theory, and as described earlier this theory is precise, examines a particular situation (in this case it is about caring), with somewhat limited variables (unchealthcare.org). The Swanson theory developed from the Carolina Care Model, at the University of North Carolina Hospitals. They designed the model so as to aid in the actualization of caring theory, support practices that uphold patient satisfaction, and bring a transformation in cultural norms. This is precisely what will enable the dealing the nursing issue of caring that is a concern in my nursing practice. I suppose that the model and the theory are specifically vital for scrutinizing the issue at hand. Furthermore, evaluation has suggested that this approach to care delivery boosts the hospital experiences of patients and families and smoothes the progress of the desired outcome (unchealthcare.org). With the current practice setting, the theory presents itself as the guide to an ideal caring practise in comparison the current situation in care delivery. The Swanson theory may possibly be remarkable in accelerating the progress towards the ideal in caring. The structure offers an articulate explanation of the relations between caring processes and the patient’s well-being (unchealthcare.org). The sub dimensions of every process at a deeper level, offer proposals for what can be done to create the correlation connecting theory and practice to be comprehensible and valuable to clinicians. Caring th eory suggests that nurses showing they care about patients is as imperative to patient well-being as caring for them via clinical means e.g. prevention of infections and administration of medications. The implementation of this model would be an approach to actualization of caring theory across a health care firm through systematic incorporation of interventions linking nursing actions, caring processes, and expectations (unchealthcare.org). Overview of key demographic data, health issues and diagnoses within the populations The region where we offer our nursing services is cosmopolitan. They are people from different cultural and racial backgrounds. They are from different dialects, hold different

Environmental Impact Assessment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environmental Impact Assessment - Coursework Example This shows the fast growing trend of establishing wind energy infrastructure and it is evident that we are going to see many similar projects been commissioned. On one hand it is a very healthy step to shift from non-renewable fuels to green technologies such as wind energy but these technologies also have some issues regarding their impacts on environment and need to be scoped and studied. Another reason for this selection is that this project is an extension, so its impact on the environment will not just be doubled but increased many folds. As you can see in the figure that the extension project is adjacent to high density wind farming area shown in RED. 1.2 Location and Description of the Project Whitelee Wind Farm, is the biggest onshore wind farm in Europe Union, which started in May 2009. ... The Whitelee project will use 69 Alstom ECO 100 wind turbines with a 3MW capacity and six ECO 74 turbines with 1.6MW capacity each. This expansion will confirm Whitelee’s status as the largest wind farm in Europe. â€Å"Simon Christian, UK director of ScottishPower Renewables, said â€Å"Whitelee windfarm is already the largest onshore windfarm in Europe and this extension pushing the overall capacity to 539MW will make it one of the largest in the world.† (Simon Christian) ? Site : Whitelee Wind Farm EXT ? Part : Eaglesham Moor ? Latitude : 55 ° 41' 13.1" ? Longitude : -4 ° 13' 44.4" ? Geodetic system : WGS84 In the above figure the green area mainly comprises of the wind farm and we can see that there are urban areas nearby which include Kilmamock and Hamilton. The next figure will give us the deeper picture of the extension and the turbine density in the gird. Where the blue circles show the planned extension turbine location and the grey show the existing turbi nes. As from the figure we can see that the extension will make create proximity of turbines to the urban areas(white parts of the figure) and therefore the turbines will have more adverse affects on the environment of the area and possibility of accidents will rise in these locations. At present this land is mainly used for grazing for livestock, agriculture activities and forestry. There has been an effective conservation of these activities before the extension but there is potential risk to them now as more turbines will occupy more spaces and construction of these facilities will require more restricted areas and spots. Same is the case with the visual amenity, where now the excessive number of wind turbines

Annotated bibliography of sources Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of sources - Annotated Bibliography Example Lastly, the author points out the contribution of growing population to greenhouse gas emissions. Tao, M., Chen, L., Wang, Z., Ma, P., Tao, J., & Jia, S. (2014). A study of urban pollution and haze clouds over northern China during the dusty season based on satellite and surface observations. Atmospheric Environment, 82183-192. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.010 Tao, M., Chen, L., Wang, Z., Ma, P., Tao, J., and Jia, S explain a large scale study carried on northern China during spring. The study, which was carried out using satellite and ground observations aimed to identify and evaluate the process of urban pollution. The study also explains the different types of haze clouds found in Beijing area. Therefore, the information found in this article is important in explaining formation hazy weather in China. China Daily is a newspaper published daily in the Peoples Republic of China. In addition, the newspaper is written in English language making it easy to be understood by many professionals in the world. Apart from the language used to print, the newspapers is resourceful and reliable in this research because newspaper information is highly regulated by the government and undergoes some vetting within the company to ensure it is from reliable sources before being printed. Therefore, the information concerning car pollution is verifiable and can be used in our study. Greenpeace International is a non-governmental organization that is concerned with environmental conditions in the world. The organization is keen on environmental developments and actively collects relevant data to ascertain environmental conditions in order to create awareness and give propositions on how the conditions can be dealt with. In this article, the organization points out the problems and impacts of air pollution in China. The organization further gives simple solutions that can be used to solve the problem of air pollution in China. Therefore,

The City Of Bath, England

The City Of Bath, England The City of Bath and the beautiful countryside which surrounds it have been described as one of Englands most beautiful places to visit. Bath is situated within the south west of England and is a fabulous city to visit. The population  [1]  of the city is 169,040. It was granted city status by Royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1590. The city was founded, among surrounding hills, in the valley of the River Avon around naturally occurring hot springs where the Romans built baths and a temple, giving it the name Aquae Sulis. Much later, it became popular as a spa resort during the Georgian era, which led to a major expansion that left a heritage of exemplary Georgian architecture crafted from Bath Stone. Bath and its stunning surrounding countryside offers tourists a multitude of fantastic places to visit from stately homes and gardens to the impressive Stonehenge. As City of Bath the city became a World Heritage Site in 1987. The city has a variety of theatres, museums, and other cultural and sporting venues, which have helped to make it a major centre for tourism, with over one million staying visitors and 3.8 million day visitors to the city each year  [2]  . The city has two universities and several schools and colleges. There is a large service sector and growing information and communication technologies and creative industries, providing employment for the population of Bath and the surrounding area. Source: www.maps.google.co.uk Historical Background: A city which is one of the most beautiful cities in the world, making it the ideal city break destination and Bath is a World Heritage City (UNESCO), featuring the famous Roman Baths Pump Room and simply stunning Georgian period architecture. The history of city came across the different periods started from Roman era. Roman Period: After the Invasion of Britain by Romans in 43 AD, Bath was also occupied by Romans. The worship of Sulis continued in the Roman times. Thats why during Roman period, grand temples, and bathing complexes were built. In the 3rd century, the city was given defensive walls. But with the start of 4th century, the Roman Empire and its urban sprawl declined while the some of the suit of Baths were in use.The Roman Baths Post Roman and Saxon Period: In this period, the Anglo- Saxon Chronicle mentioned the falling of Bath into West Saxons after the battle of Deorham in 577 AD. The name `Bath` came from the Baoum or Baoan given by Anglo-Saxons. By the 9th century, after the Royal possession, the old Roman street pattern had been lost and with King Alfred laid out the town afresh leaving abbey precinct in the south. Norman, Medieval and Tudor Period: By the 15th century, some major churches were badly dilapidated like the abbey Church. After the status of Spa city, the baths were improved and maintained; city began to attract the aristocracy again. Finally in 1590, Bath was granted as city status by Royal Charter. 17th Century Period: In this period, the heath giving properties of the hot mineral waters came to the attention of whole country and the aristocracy also started to partake in them, invented by the Thomas Guidott, a student of chemistry from Wadham College Oxford in 1676. Also he wrote A discourse of Bathe, and the hot waters there with some inquiries into the nature of water. Old Character of Bath Streets Georgian Period: There had been much rebuilding in the Stuart period, but this was eclipsed by the massive expansion of Bath in Georgian times. The old town within the walls was also largely rebuilt. This was a response to the continuing demand for elegant accommodation for the citys fashionable visitors, for whom Bath had become a pleasure resort as well as a spa. In the early 18th century, the development of first purpose-built theatre, assembly rooms etc came into existence. The use of Sedan Chairs also can be seen into this period by Grand Georgian people (rich people). Victorian Period: In this period, Bath crossed the population of 40020 according to Census 1801 it came into the list of largest cities of Britain. Bath Spa rail station was also built in this period for the Great Western Railway. 20th Century Period: During World War II, Bath faced three air raids, 400 people were killed and more than 19000 buildings were damaged destroyed. Houses in the Royal Crescent, Circus and Paragon were burnt out along with the Assembly Rooms, while part of the south side of Queen Square was destroyed. All have since been reconstructed, and regeneration work is continuing. Since 2000, developments have included the Bath Spa, South Gate and the Bath Western Riverside project. Historically part of the county of Somerset, Bath was made a county borough in 1889 and hence independent of the newly created administrative Somerset county council. Bath became part of Avon when that non-metropolitan county was created in 1974. Since the abolition of Avon in 1996, Bath has been the main centre of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset (BNES). Bath remains, however, in the ceremonial county of Somerset, though not within the administrative non-metropolitan county of Somerset. Spatial Integration of Bath City: The Spatial Integration of the Bath city will also be analysed with the help of city landuse assessment method and the changes in it with time and the spatial planning tools techniques, which are used for the integration of the city will be analysed. The Bath city is now days under a unitary authority Bath North East Somerset Council (BANES or BNES) which was created in 1st April, 1996. The total area under authority is 220 Sq. Miles and city of Bath is the principle settlement in the district. The Former Bath City Council prepared Local plan as a Statutory Local plan in accordance with the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, as amended by the Planning and Compensation Act 1991. The Plan guides development in the City of Bath up to 2001 with the co-ordination of public and private investment decisions. This Local Plan supersedes the Bath City Plan that was adopted by the City Council in June 1990. But after objections, ratifications modifications at different stages, On 12 June 1996 a letter was received by the Council from the Government Office for the South West on behalf of the Secretary of State for the Environment stating that the Bath Local Plan was now in accordance with the Direction which was henceforth lifted. The Council issued its Notice of Adoption of the Bath Local Plan on 20 June 1996. Bath and North East Somerset Council adopted this Plan on 20th June 1996 and it now forms part of the statutory Development Plan for the new Authority. The Plan was, however, progressed through all the formal procedures outlined above by the former City Council, and it has been considered appropriate to retain the text which was the subject of public consultation and examination, including references to the City Council. These references will serve as a reminder that the Policies are applicable only within the City of Bath, but it should be understood that in most instances the Council referred to is that of Bath and North East Somerset. However a High Court Challenge in August 1996 resulted in Bath and North East Somerset Council having to re-adopt the Plan on 19 June 1997. The Bath and North East Somerset (BANES) council prepared a Local plan which is adopted in October 2007; establish a robust policy framework to provide clarity for all those involved in the development process. The Local Plan includes other spatial planning tools techniques like Public consultations, Government Guidance, the Joint Replacement Structure Plan, the Council`s Local Transport Plan the Strategies of the Council (Community Strategy, National and Regional Planning Guidance) and other organisations etc. The Local plan sets out the key objectives for the development of policies in different aspects: Living and Working (Social Inclusion, Resources, Housing, Economy, Urban Rural Areas, Shopping, and Services Leisure), Environmental Assets and Transport Access etc. Housing: Housing Affordability: The Housing section assesses the housing situation of the City of Bath. If we look at the housing scenario of the city, the affordability of housing is least in City of Bath as compared to whole of the district. The following figures represents as: Source: So many people are migrating due to high cost of living in the City of Bath. This is leading to recruitment difficulties and skill shortages which could have a knock-on effect on the local economy. The need for affordable housing (per year) is also much in Bath city as compare to the other areas in the district. The following figures represent it as: Source: The land supply for housing development is also limited in the City of Bath. This places considerable pressure for development both on sites allocated for housing and on other sites in the City to meet the demand for housing. Problems/Issues in City of Bath: In the listed Georgian properties in Bath can resulted in an additional challenges and improvement works due to large number of high risk houses in multiple occupations. Due to the relatively high property values in Bath, the refurbishment of converted buildings often results in higher rents being charged and people are moving off to City of Bath. The problem of decent housing type is also major concern in the private rented sector which is mostly occupied by university students. It includes the Abbey ward in Bath City and Bathavon wards surrounding city. The current and future needs of older residents are generally exceeds then Government funding allocations in housing schemes. Traffic and Transportation: The city of Bath is a small complex city as compared to other cities and it has well defined activities like commercial areas and employment areas. The various sectors of its transportation systems are like parking facilities and public transport services are not only interdependent but all are affected by the other activities and decisions made for them e.g. new developments to meet the housing objectives, conservation of the historic buildings or streets etc. The traffic management system came into force since 1970 rather than building only new roads in the city and at boundaries. The main problem of the City of Bath is the congestion within the city by through traffic because most of the traffic in city has an origin and destination in the city. The following figures show the mode of transport in the City of Bath to travel to work as: The table above represents that the all the residents which are living and working in Bath or outside the city and vice-versa, are mostly dependent upon their own vehicles especially car is the most common mode of travel. But in case of comparison with other area in the district and national level, the figures in following table represents that the residents within Bath are more dependent upon private mode of transport i.e car or on the walk which is much higher as compared to other areas at National level but more interesting point is that the City of Bath has percentage of residents who has no car as compared to other areas and National level. These figures clearly show that the private mode of transport is creating congestion in the City of Bath and through traffic generated by them. Parking and pedestrian safety are also important issues in the City of Bath. Problems/Issues in City of Bath: Traffic problems have been a dominant issue in planning for Bath but the development of new major road schemes within the City is no longer seen as a solution. The emphasis now is on careful management of traffic and the integration of policies for use of land in order to make the best use of existing road space and minimise the congestion, pollution and danger caused by vehicles. The road and rail network are at capacity and congestion across the area is a problem in terms of journey times and public transport travel times, a key impediment to maintaining a healthy economy. Congestion is also affecting air quality and in areas of Bath City Centre air pollution has reached levels that are higher than the Government recommended acceptable limits. The lack of parking spaces and their capacity is also an important issue and recent studies have indicated that there is a greater need for pedestrian management schemes, such as improved signing of information etc, and areas given over to pedestrian priority. Heritage Management: The city is internationally known for its Roman and Georgian heritage and archaeology, its culture as a spa that stretches back over two thousand years, the innovative architecture and town planning, and the harmony between the city and the landscape. The city of Bath was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987 for its unique and outstanding universal value for its Historic character. The city is a blend of history and modern life, continually changing, growing and adapting to modern requirements which attracts approximately 3.7 million tourists each year and lies on strategic road rail transport routes. The City of Bath has a close relationship between the success of modern city and heritage due to the wide range of business, industries and regional centre for employment, shopping and entertainment etc. The City of Bath (World Heritage Site) is vulnerable to change and growth with the time, but this is both inevitable and desirable in a living city. There are threats to the fabric and character of the World Heritage Site and its setting, and uncontrolled or inappropriate change in these areas can become a threat to the very values for which Bath is inscribed as a World Heritage Site. So even to tackle these kinds of situations, the local authorities were much concerned about them. They identified various issues related with the World Heritage Site its management etc. But along with these threats and vulnerabilities, the City of Bath has also many opportunities as a World Heritage Site which are helpful in many ways to the City of Bath. To address those threats and vulnerabilities, incorporating opportunities, The BNES and English Heritage prepared a World Heritage Site Management Plan for the City of Bath for the period of 2003-2009. They have identified various issues which are described as: Problems/Issues in City of Bath: Due to the scale and complexity of site, numbers of people are involved in the management, ownership and cultural assets. So its really an important from management point of view which requires the coordination of a large number of disciplines and agencies The protection of World Heritage Site is achieved only through the planning system of plans and designations so for the appropriate protection, and according to World Heritage Site criteria, a appropriate legal system is required because there are number of actions like risk assessment, mitigation awareness campaigns etc which are necessary for the appropriate protection of World Heritage Site. There are number of planning applications involved in the whole process as general due to the complexity of the site and the number of listed buildings. There are number of new developments on the outskirts of the city which may or are degrade the historic fabric of the World Heritage Site which gives an authenticity and outstanding universal values to the site. So there is a need of development controls in and around the city keeping in mind the character of the city. In the recent times, the condition of contemporary architecture is not good with the test of time other physical changes in climate, due to which it doesnt match with the historic architecture of the city. So its more challenging from integration of contemporary design into a historic environment.

Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

Pride in the Great Gatsby Adam Bussey English IIIA, Period 3 5/26/99 Adam Bussey Mrs. Forchion English IIIA, Period 3 26 May 1999 Outline Thesis: F. Scott Fitzgerald uses Nick Carraway in the Great Gatsby to analyze pride and its effects in a man’s life. I. Nick tells the reader about his background and family history. II. Nick Carraway’s interactions between the many characters in the novel show a reflection of pride. A. Interactions between Tom and Nick show examples of pride. B. Interactions between Gatsby and Nick show examples of pride. C. Interactions between other minor characters show pride throughout the novel. III. Discussions arise that give Nick certain biased or critical opinions, these opinions reflect his pride and other people’s opinions reflect it as well. A. Discussions about money and other financial issues help flesh out the idea of pride. B. Discussions about social situations and interactions between certain couples show Nick’s conce rn over his pride. 1. Nick talks or discusses the relationship between Tom and his mistress. 2. Nick discusses the relationship between Tom and his mistress. 3. Nick talks about the relationship between Gatsby and Daisy. Adam Bussey Mrs. Forchion English IIIA, Period 3 26 May 1999 Pride in the Great Gatsby Pride. The dictionary defines it as â€Å"quality or sate of being proud; an unreasonable opinion of one’s own superiority over others; and as the reflection of this quality in disdainful or arrogant behavior.† Many people experience different kinds of pride. Some show off, others reflect their family’s history with powerful pride. Pride can also effect a man in many different ways. It could show a person to be shallow, concerned or important, for example. A novel is a good way of showing one’s own interpretation of pride. F. Scott Fitzgerald uses Nick Carraway in the Great Gatsby to analyze pride and its effects in a man’s life. F Scott Fitzgera ld told the story of The Great Gatsby through the eyes of its humble and quiet narrator, Nick Carraway. The novel starts out, simply enough, with Nick detailing his background. This itself was the beginning of Fitzgerald showing pride in the novel. Nick started by telling about something his father said, â€Å"Just remember that all the people in the world haven’t had the advantages you’ve had.†(5) Right away the author is establishing the pride of the narrator. His father has instilled in him the idea that he is better than others and above them with this advice.

Garden City Essay

Literature focuses on the study of literary texts, developing students as independent, innovative, and creative learners & thinkers, who appreciate the aesthetic use of language, evaluate perspectives and evidence and challenge idea and interpretations. Literature explores how literary works shape the perceptions of the world and enable us to enter other worlds of imagination. Through literature, we establish and articulate views through creative response & logical argument. We reflect on the literary texts, appreciate the power of language and inquire into relationships between personal preference of texts, authors and contexts through exploration of ideas, concepts, attitudes and values. The following enumerates the rationale of the book, â€Å"Ang Panitikan at Kulturang Pilipino†. RATIONALE To be able to identify and give meaning to literature. Identify the different forms of Philippine Literature. Differentiate the similarities and differences of different forms of literature based on elements and its characteristics. Have a deeper understanding on the various forms of Philippine Literature. To be able to differentiate the different forms and kinds of literature for the enrichment of one’s understanding on Philippine culture. Give importance to the elements and qualities of Philippine Literature through reading. Give importance to the different aspects of life, be it personal, moral, social, relative to the study of literature. This book is both a study, a research, and the information itself. The basis of the data focuses on the title itself, which points to the Philippine Literature and Culture. Different insights from different authors and culture of the Philippine History were bounded up, carefully and profoundly detailed with the remarks of the authors itself are of the most significance as to the book overview. Philippine Culture is a mixture of cultures from different conquerors, which  shaped it to a unique formation of classical and cultural distinction throughout the country. Since there are cultural uniqueness and emphasis of the book’s overall study, it is a very good reference to any individual who would like to pursue the Philippine History. From the passed-down ethnic stories and poems to the height of the changes of the Philippine Literature, and of people who use their literary skills to express their different views towards their own truth and views, this book wrote the wholeness of the culture in respect to the ethnical diversity. As I have observed, the highlight of the book is mostly the works of the Philippine writers who created their own expressions and definitely a work of art, which I must say, I read from the main ideas of the stories they included. Divided into ten chapters, from the relation of Literature and History, the Philippine inherited cultures and traditions, folk narratives, different religious beliefs, literal works, Philippine History itself and how it affects the cultural changes, to the poems and stories of famous personas of Philippine Literature. In a holistic cultural perspective, the different cultures and traditions, their origin, relationship to each other, uniqueness, and their work of arts greatly shapes the beauty of the Philippine History, Culture and Literature. Despite the difference, the Filipino values are buried deep on every hearts of every tribe, every belief and every religious view of a Filipino towards the literature. We might adapt to different environment or stick to our own traditions, came from different origins or bonded by the same blood, the passion towards the Filipino literature and culture are of the same. Reading with the passion of knowing the Philippine Literature will lead the very significance of the book. I, being a Filipino, would grow up studying and educating myself with the culture, language and standards of other countries abroad, but know a few of mine. Like me, a lot of students suffer from this lack of cultural interest, knowing that I must do a detailed research to feed my mind of the different cultures of my country, and will engulf me to stop engaging more. With this book review, I learned a lot and felt like I had a cultural tour with the literature. I love how they defined the importance of the literature on the first page of Chapter 1, which by means I will quote: â€Å"Literature is the expression of a person’s emotion towards  the world, the living, the society and government, and the relationship of the soul to the Creator.† (Bro. Azarias, Philosophy of Literature) Literature is expression itself, a very easy approach to its meaning. One thing I learned from this book aside of its background study of the Philippine culture is that, whatever I do everyday marks my own literature. It doesn’t have any formal requirement in it. Everything that occupies every single corner of the vision of the eye, is literature itself. And putting it to expression is an art. What you understand is your truth, whether it is not the same for every people, we have our own jurisdiction who separates our own way of understanding our literature and culture. Thus, this book did not only educate me, but gave me a great weapons I can truly be proud of; the limit of my imagination, and my pen. â€Å"†¦the guts to write bravely of what they see around them: the pain and the ugliness of the world as well as the beauty and the joy of it, the triumphs of life as well as its surrenders, man’s mean desires as well as the noble ambition that exalt him.† (S .P. Lopez)

Harrahs Essay

Harrahs Essay Harrahs Essay The objective of the database marketing programs was to improve Harrah’s performance on each of the above-mentioned KPIs. The company hired Gary Loveman from HBS to bring quantitative muscle to its marketing strategy. What Loveman and his team did was development of quantitative models to accurately predict customer worth- the theoretical amount that the company expects to generate from a customer based on his past usage of Harrah’s properties. This was a transformational move for Harrah’s. From a historical model of operational CRM that focused on the customer’s past usage patterns, Loveman proposed an analytical CRM model that was predictive and therefore, radically different from how the company viewed profitable customers. Analytical CRM was implemented through the following programs: New Business Program: The New Business Program was designed to improve the effectiveness at converting new Total Gold members into loyal customers. The program used predicted customer worth (theoretical wins) to make more effective investment decisions at the customer level- thus allowing the particular offer to be more competitive with what the customer was currently receiving from their existing scenario of choice. Loyalty Program- Frequency Upside This program was designed to identify customers that, Harrah's predicted, were only giving Harrah's a small share of their total spending in a particular market. Harrah's capabilities enabled it to develop programs that offered incentives for these customers to visit Harrah's properties more frequently- i.e., switch a trip from a competitor to Harrah's. Harrah's calculated the profitability of these programs by comparing the incremental theoretical wins to the incremental cost of the program. Loyalty

adoption essays

adoption essays Usually the birth mother is contacted. You can contact the birth mother or natural parents by looking in some newspaper. You can also send letters of your family to such places as a crisis pregnancy center. You may also use sources over the Internet. The agency should help identify a child for you and assist you with all the legal proceedings. They should help you make the process go as smoothly as possible. Some agencies even go as far as providing counseling for all the parties involved. An extension of a private placement adoption is when the natural parents or birth mother find a family looking to adopt get together and go to an agency. A Step Parent adoption is when one spouse in a remarriage adopts the child of the other parent. One of the natural parents relinquishes all their rights to the child. Open adoptions are agreements and commitments between the birth parents and adoptive parents. In an open adoption there are open lines between the birth parents the adoptive parent a nd the child. Arrangements should be made before hand to avoid conflicts later on. An international adoption is when a United States resident adopts a child born and living in a foreign country. This type of adoption is becoming popular. In the March eighth New York Times edition of the paper they say that international adoptions are rising steadily, to 16,396 in 1999 from 7,093 in 1990. International adoption has been one of the most growing trends when adopting. Most people think that when they adopt internationally that all countries follow the same rules for adoption that the U.S. does. Many countries have different rules on allowing people from other countries to adopt their kids. Many think international adoption is too expensive. Dillon's Director Margie Wasielewski says adopting from many countries can cost less than adopting a child in the USA (Harty 4). In comparing Haiti to Hong Kong I have found some similarities and differences. Som...

The Popularity of Financial Ratios in Multivariate Modeling Essay

The Popularity of Financial Ratios in Multivariate Modeling - Essay Example In six years’ time, it has a higher positive cash flow level of  £105 as compared to the Beta of  £83.   The ARR for Alpha is higher than that for Beta at 29.4% while that of Beta is at 1.6%. This is an indication of the viability of the project to perform as expected when acquired. As such the business assets for Alpha are increasing at a higher rate than for the Beta. The rate of ARR for Alpha is an indication of the expected rates of return on the value of the assets for is higher (Robb & Robinson, 2012). The NPV of Alpha is also higher than that of Beta. It indicates that project Alpha will increase the shareholder’s equity more than project Beta. For all these reasons, it is advisable that NENE should choose project Alpha.   Internal Rate of Return is the method that gives the investors an easy way of estimating the quantity or rate of return that an investment is expected to offer. This is usually the discount rate in which the Net Present Value of the expected cash flows is equal to zero. The method can be calculated through a trial and error method, where the discount rate will be varied until we find where the NPV = 0 (Balmer, 2001). Through a general rule, the IRR with an NPV which is greater than zero is usually preferred. This method also advises that all the IRRs with values higher than the opportunity cost of capital of the project should always be accepted.   While using this method, one is able to estimate the return on the initial invested amount. The method is also easy to use as its calculations are not very complex. The method also provides a clear and easy way of comparing the projects to come up with the most preferred.   

Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Leadership - Case Study Example Historical leadership possesses some important attributes that are useful in the development of desirable modern leadership. According to the author, past leaders such as biblical leaders provide important insights in modern leadership despite differences in modern leadership such as accumulation of wealth in the long run. Therefore, leadership requires incorporation of charisma to build strong relationships suitable for devotion to organizations’ mission. Leadership should also transform organizations to adapt to the changing world while maintaining ethics. Additionally, leadership entails personal responsibility and commitment both during organizational successes and failures. Leadership also ought to pursue new strategies essential to organizational success. Furthermore, leadership is about service rather than self-advancement hence keenness in honoring all duties. Moreover, leadership should be within the confines of universal principles of leadership. Incorporation of suc h attributes is bound to improve leadership quality significantly. The success of modern organizations requires effective leadership able to incorporate and maintain trust hence commitment. Additionally, modern leadership requires attainment of set goals through moral and ethical strategies. As such, the perspectives stipulated in this article are essential in modern leadership cutting across all organizations either business oriented or